Hemodialysis patients are at risk of death whenever there are contaminants in the dialysis water. Reverse osmosis, also referred to as RO, offers a way of achieving the desired water quality. Applications worldwide include desalination and power plants as well as food and pharmaceutical industries, which require water of a specific quality. In the last decades, RO has become a popular water treatment technique; therefore, understanding RO systems is important for anyone working in industry. This module discusses the principles of reverse osmosis as well as its advantages and disadvantages
